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Synthesizer Programming Basics
Oscillator Generates a periodic (repeating waveform) audio signal: Usually perceived as a steady pitched tone
- Frequency: Affects the perceived pitch of the oscillator, over as much as a ten octave range (20 Hz to 20 kHz)
- Waveform: Affects the overall overtone content of the signal and the timbre (before filtering)
Filter Processes the audio signal passing through it by selectively removing (and/or sometimes emphasizing) a particular range of overtones: Usually changes the perceived timbre or tone color of the audio signal
- Cut-off frequency: Affects how the timbre of the audio signal is changed, by setting the boundary between overtones which are passed through the filter, and those which are cut or attenuated (weakened)
- Resonance: Affects the prominence (amount of emphasis or amplification) of any overtones near the cutoff frequency
- Mode: Selects the type of filtering (Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass, etc.), thus affecting which overtones the filter will alter (highs only, lows only, lows and highs, etc.)
Amplifier Processes the audio signal passing through it by manually or automatically adjusting its level: Affects overall perceived loudness, and allows oscillator signals to be silent when not under envelope control
Noise Generator Generates an aperiodic (random) audio signal: Usually perceived as a steady un-pitched hiss or rumble (useful for percussive sounds and sound effects)
LFO (Low Frequency Oscillator) Generates a periodic (repeating) control signal, usually used to automate changes in an oscillator or filter: Usually creates a pattern of perceived change in pitch or timbre that repeats rhythmically
- Frequency (Rate): Affects the speed (tempo) of the LFO’s repeating pattern, as long as the frequency is below 20 Hz (above 20 Hz., complex, inharmonic timbre changes usually result)
- Waveform: Affects the particular shape or contour of the perceived pattern
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